now nearly half of the world's proven oil reserves, including crude oil and condensate, have been harvested, but although Iran was one of the first countries at the beginning of the commercial oil production, it took a little more than one -third of its proven reserves. It's done. On the other hand, comparing Iran's oil and gas reserves in year 2 with year 2 shows that despite the continuous harvesting and consumption of reserves, due to exploration and replacements, the amount of oil reserves in the country equals the amount of these reserves five years ago and reserves. The current gas, despite gas supply to cities and villages and its continuous consumption, is eight times the amount of these reserves in year 2. The results of oil and gas exploration show that 5 % of oil reserves were discovered in the post -revolutionary period, while in the gas sector, the major exploration (2 %) was related to the post -revolutionary period. Of the total oil reserves discovered, 5 % were not developed, up from 5 % in the gas sector. These statistics also provide sufficient confidence and choice for the oil and country industry in the development of oil and gas fields.
Equipment resident in refinery and petrochemical
heat exchangers
are heat exchangers from a series of process equipment designed to maximize heat transfer performance between two devices or different fluids. In most industrial processes, heat loss increases consumption and inefficiency. He receives and reuse heat. Without a converter, heat is released in the environment.
The thermal converters allow the hot liquid to pass through the cold fluid without mixing the two liquids. Heat is transferred from hot liquid to cold, cold liquids are heated and warm liquids cool. Therefore, the heat is not wasteful in these devices, but it is transmitted and reused.
The two fluids pass one narrow tube and surround the other fluid around the pipe. The thermal converters have different types and depending on the system specifications you should choose the most appropriate model. In general, this equipment can be divided into three general categories:
parallel flow converters contain two different liquids that enter the converter from one side and flow in one direction.
In the opposite or unnecessary heat exchangers, the cold liquid enters the converter from one direction and the hot liquid into the other and passes through each other. These converters are more efficient in heat transfer than other models.
cold and hot liquid cross -heat converter collides perpendicularly and heat is exchanged at the intersection.
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Piping
is the safest way to transfer gases and liquids across countries or between equipment in the manufacturing systems of pipelines. Each processing unit consists of raw materials and fluids that need to be transferred from one point to point. Piping is a transitional means of displacement of liquids and gases in refineries and chemical processing plants.
Components used in the piping system depending on the type of materials being transmitted and environmental conditions, steel, cast iron, copper, Be plastic and…. Piping system pipes are usually connected to each other with a flange or by weld.
The main difference between pipelines with piping is that pipelines are used to transfer materials over a long distance between two separate installations or distribution. While the piping system is used to transport gases and liquids such as water or chemicals in an industrial unit.
Storage Tank
Tanks are large containers usually made of metal and mounted on the ground. These tanks are designed to temporarily store various liquids or gases. The tanks can be used to store various materials from water to crude or various chemicals.
One of the standards applied to these tanks is API 653 - tank inspection, repairs, changes and reconstruction. This standard has been prepared and published by the American Petroleum Institute - American Petroleum Institute. Before year 2, the only standard for storage tanks was API 653.
storage tank
Tanks are large containers that are usually made of metal and mounted on the ground. These tanks are designed to temporarily store various liquids or gases. The tanks can be used to store various materials from water to crude or various chemicals.
One of the standards applied to these tanks is API 653 - tank inspection, repairs, changes and reconstruction. This standard has been prepared and published by the American Petroleum Institute - American Petroleum Institute. Until year 2, the only standard applied to storage tanks was API 653.
Volvo or industrial valves are used to regulate fluids in the system. Petrochemicals and petrochemical industries are dangerous for the environment and the people in contact with it. So it is important to use a milk that does not leak when designing a system. The following is the following:
Control Milk
Volvo Volva or Butterfly Valve
Wing Volvo or Hub Milk
Czech Volvo or One -way Valve Valve
Volvo Globe or Spherical Milk
Valve Valve Valve and Rail
The most common pressure reduction devices include Pressure Safety Valves and Pressure Relief Valves. These valves are marketed in different sizes and dimensions. By discharging gases and liquids from a sub -path, the pressure is prevented from increasing the safe amount.
most pressure reducing valves automatically operate. By reaching the threshold or extending pressure from a certain amount, they operate and return the system pressure to an acceptable level.
In many countries, industries need to use pressure reducing valves, pressure pipes, They have piping and other equipment. Standards that are usually needed for safe performance of this equipment include:
API RP 520
API RP 521
API RP 526
API RP 527
ASME PD 583
ISO 4126-1: 2013