Stone in architecture is an old story. Different climates in Iran have provided a platform where architecture has been formed in different formats. Architects have created buildings in every region of Iran according to local and native materials. In mountainous and cold regions, stone plays an important role in historical buildings, and its use has always been excellent and artistic. Restoration of stone buildings is a knowledge based on the experience of architects from ancient times to the present day. A stone is a house in which man first settled and then built a roof from it.
Stone buildings in Iran
The use of stone has been the attention of architects for a long time, and today it is widely used by combining modern methods. Stone buildings survived well against atmospheric factors and climatic adversities such as earthquakes, floods and frosts. The existing conditions and the conducted investigations show that the style of mountain architecture is the same in the western region of the country. A miner's skill in identifying a stone that is suitable for use in a building is the first condition for the durability of a stone building. In the construction of stone buildings, three master craftsmen must be present during the construction stages of the building; A miner, stonemason and architect, who supervises the construction. Stone recognition is very important, and also the miner's recognition of the right kind of stone is not without influence, so the person who deals with this recognition must be both an architect and a good stonemason. The stone used in historical buildings must be mined at least one meter underground, because the sun and nature have effects on the stone and the type of mining is very effective in chipping the stone. The main damages to stone buildings are weather conditions, cold, extreme temperature changes and acid rains. Mako can be considered as a city of the ancient country whose stone buildings are the architectural form of the church. Mako is one of the cities that is full of cultural achievements and its area covers the surrounding area of the city.
Solomon's bed
This building is registered in the world list of UNESCO. The excavations carried out in this ancient and ancient city have shown the presence of different tribes such as Medes, Achaemenians, Sassanians, Parthians, etc. in this land. Takht Suleiman is a stone shrine that has been sanctified in the Zoroastrian religion. The dispute between the Parthians and the Sasanians caused the fall of the Parthians, caused the destruction and fire of the building, and was severely damaged, but due to the sanctity of the water and the goddess Anahita, it was restored and rebuilt again in later periods. The damage caused to this building during the Arab attack was very serious and irreparable, and despite the damage, it was abandoned and survived for years in the heart of ice, rain, and wind. Takht Suleiman is a very large area, and for its restoration, a workshop, technical office, stone restoration laboratory, expert forces and sufficient equipment are needed, and the light of the restoration base must be constantly on in this place, and there is a need for the constant presence of people engaged in has work
Stone restoration
The stability of a historical monument is the most important document for accepting the correctness of engineering calculations and the efficiency of construction tricks such as choosing materials, replacing buildings and structures. Therefore, for the restoration of historical monuments, the priority is to use the same original and indigenous tools and methods, which are the heritage of many experiences in the field of restoration and stone architecture. The correct diagnosis of the stone materials used in the buildings and the provision of the same materials for restoration requires a detailed research. The discovery of old mines and extraction from the same mine, if possible, will cause homogeneity and continuity of materials during the restoration of the building. It is not difficult to understand that the architects of the past used canvas materials, but it requires a lot of patience. Due to the high cost of traditional methods, their implementation is avoided. Fast restoration, without scientific support, necessary capital and expert labor in the field of restoration is one of the reasons for destruction in the building. In stone restoration, it is very important to remove weeds because they grow under the foundation and break the stone. After restoration, the stone needs care and protection.
The knowledge of restoration is the result of the cooperation of a group of experts in various fields, each of which has an effect on the other. It is not recommended to use cement and isogam for the restoration of historical buildings, because it destroys all the natural principles of the building. Very beautiful stones have been used in the restoration of the church in West Azarbaijan, but as a result of its restoration, the general principles of architecture have been messed up with cement. Factors that threaten the protection and restoration of historical monuments are the handover to organizations that do not pay attention to these valuable monuments. Restoration must be done step by step and carefully, because it is a sensitive and time-consuming matter. Giving a restoration plan should include a complete and comprehensive research in social sciences, politics, science and art. Using personal tastes and artistic experiments can distort and destroy the identity of the building. The originality of the building is one of the most important features of restoration. A very important question that is very important in the matter of restoration is when should the building be restored? There are differences between restorers in restoration. In principle, the traditional monks do not agree with the matter of restoration, but in an emergency situation, the restoration of the building will save the entire building, but in the matter of restoration, the restoration must be done in the same awe and identity as before.