The first tires and rubber products
Until recent times, it was believed that the first factory, in 1811 by J.N. Reithoffer was founded in Vienna to manufacture rubber parts and products, but other evidence has been found that a factory was established in Saint-Denis (near Paris) in 1803 that produced rubber bands. And before this, no other name has been recorded, but it seems that these factories operated on a small scale and until 1820, when "Thomas Hancock" established a small workshop in London named "James Lane Hancock", the factory The other was not established. After the "Hancock" workshop in 1823, the "Charles Mackintosh & Co." factory was established in Manchester. Other companies were formed before 1840, most of them still exist but operate under a different name. W. Thomson" was invented in 1845. This tire was composed of a series of rubber tubes with canvas fabric and a leather cover or top, which Thomson called "ELASTIC BELT". The first pneumatic tire had a diameter of 127 mm (15 inches), which may not have been widely used due to the lack of rubber or the poor quality of the used rubber. Also, the speed of public transportation was low and did not reveal the advantages of pneumatic tires. These tires were made of rubber and leather that were inflated with steam. They were registered by Mackintosh in 1847. In 1852, by J.M. Dunlop was invented for strollers.
Advances:
Early mixing methods were very simple compared to today's modern techniques. One of the first successful formulas was to heat a mixture of 25 parts of rubber, 5 parts of sulfur and 7 parts of lead oxide. The next processes determined the amount of 5 to 8 parts of sulfur for 100 parts of rubber and determined the cooking time equal to 3 to 4 hours at a temperature of 140 degrees Celsius.
Discovery of the activation effect of substances such as zinc oxide and fatty acids allowed It allowed a slight reduction in the cooking or vulcanizing time. In 1906, "Oenslager" discovered that the increase of "aniline" or its derivatives significantly accelerates the reaction between rubber and sulfur so that a shorter curing time or a lower temperature can be used. . It was in 1914 that the first patent related to accelerators was published in West Germany, and since then, hundreds of accelerators have been manufactured and supplied, most of which have been replaced by more advanced products. With the help of these materials, cooking times of a few minutes or seconds at normal cooking temperatures are possible instead of cooking times of several hours at normal room temperatures. The manufacture and supply of carbon black as a strengthening agent was implemented in 1920, followed by the introduction of antioxidants. "Isoprene", the basic chemical unit of natural rubber, was discovered in 1835, and in 1879, its polymerization into an elastic material was noticed. Especially in the two world wars, continuous efforts have been made to invent processes for the synthesis of rubber. The first synthetic rubber "Styrene Butadiene Rubber" (SBR) was produced in early 1912 and in 1913 "Neoprene" was released by DuPont, "Nitrile" rubber was first released in 1937. The year in which "Biotil" rubber was also discovered. Today, the number and types of synthetic rubbers reach 500.First educational and research institutes
Probably the earliest officially supported rubber research was done at the Royal Institute (founded in 1887). In 1913, the "Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme" was started, followed by the "British Tire and Rubber Manufacturers' Research Association" in 1919. In 1929, the name of this organization was changed to "Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers (RABRM)" and more recently to "British Rubber and Plastics Research Association (RAPRA). Non-research organizations related to rubber are very different and numerous, but two important organizations are the Institute of Rubber Industry (IRI), which is known today as the PRI Institute of Plastics and Rubber, which was established in 1921, and the other Rubber chemistry is affiliated with the American Chemical Society, which was first thought of in 1909 and was established in 1918.
Rubber Industry in Iran
Tire industry:
The beginning of the tire industry in Iran dates back to about 45 years ago, that is, when the country's first tire factory named "B. F. Godrich Iran" was established in 1337. Since then, eight other factories were established in this industry, which brings the total number of active factories in this sector to 9 companies.