Mapping engineering is one of the academic technical-engineering disciplines that deals with different methods of collecting ground information in order to prepare maps for different users using different methods. The map is one of the first and most essential features of any construction activity, such as pit stabilization, soil improvement, road construction, power and water transmission lines, tunnel and subway construction, etc.
Mapping has two stages:
Measurement: different devices and methods are used to obtain the information required for the second stage.
Presentation of results: The results of the work are presented in the following ways: 1- analog (map, longitudinal and transverse sections, etc.) 2- digital (such as tables, digital earth models) /p>
Mapping History
Perhaps the history of mapping goes back to the time of early humans, who used mapping to determine the boundaries of fields and hunting grounds and pass it on to the next generation. One of the other uses of mapping goes back to wars, where heavy budgets are also spent in this way. In ancient Rome, for the exit of surface water caused by rain and floods from the famous stadium of the city, in Egypt for the precise implementation of the plan of the pyramids, known as the triple pyramids, etc., man has used the knowledge and technique of mapping in a very basic and simple way.< br>
In the last century, many advances have been made in the mapping profession in the fields of urban planning, building construction, road construction, pit stabilization, soil improvement, etc. The military budget of World War I and II also had a significant impact on the development of mapping science.
Different branches of mapping
1) Earth mapping or geodesy (Geodesy)
This branch of mapping engineering determines the shape, size of the earth, coordinates of points on the earth's surface or above it, as well as It examines the temporal changes in the shape and gravity field of the earth.
The Greek root of the word geodesy means the division of the earth, but the name of this knowledge, like the name of geometry (Geo+metry), only shows the historical roots of this knowledge. and as it is clear from the names of these two sciences, the science of geodesy and the science of geometry have a historical origin. Geodesy is considered both a branch of applied mathematics and a branch of earth sciences.
All earth sciences (such as geophysics, geography, geology, etc.) examine the origin of the origin of man, the earth, and each technique And it chooses a science for this, for example, geophysics, the knowledge of physics, and geochemistry, the knowledge of chemistry, geography, cartographic techniques, etc., and in the meantime, geodesy is a science that uses geometry to understand the origin of man, that is, the earth. It is better to say that geodesy is a science that looks at the earth with the eyes of geometry. It is used to determine the parameters of the earth's gravity field.
- Dynamic geodesy: investigates momentary changes in the shape and size of the earth.
- Satellite geodesy: to determine coordinates with satellite methods such as LLR- Pays SLR and GPS.
Mapping goals
There are two types of maps produced by cartography:
- single-purpose: they are prepared for a specific purpose, for example population distribution map, statistical map, geological map and...
- Multipurpose: They are made for different purposes and different users. such as topographic maps and data maps
Types of maps
- Line map: In this type of map, features are used in the form of symbols along with writings to express their characteristics. The curves show the elevations.
- Photographic map (photo map - orthophoto): In the photo map, the photos of the features are shown. That is, the mountain or valley itself is displayed. Production of these types of maps is faster than linear maps. Of course, the interpretation of this type of map requires expertise. It is difficult to recognize the type of vegetation or the type of land use in this type of map. Another problem of this type of map is not seeing the complications under the shadow.
- Map using satellite images