thrush
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease of high economic importance among simians. This disease is caused by the FMD virus of the Aphthovirus genus and the Picornaviridae family. The characteristics of this disease are the formation of blisters around or inside the mouth, legs and breast; In addition, symptoms such as fever, lameness, weight loss, abortion in the final stages of pregnancy, decrease in milk production in dairy cows and death of young animals due to myocarditis are also observed. The severity of the disease depends on various factors such as the species and age of the animal, the virus strain, the virus dose and the immune status of the host. Usually, the disease is more severe in cattle compared to sheep and goats. This disease is highly contagious and exists in many African and Asian countries. The accidental introduction of the FMD virus into a new and sensitive population leads to a severe and sudden outbreak of the disease and, as a result, extensive economic losses. Therefore, accurate and quick diagnosis of the disease is necessary to prevent further spread of the disease. Usually, the disease can be diagnosed by observing the clinical symptoms.
The prevalence of the disease in unvaccinated herds reaches 100%, and the death rate in young animals due to myocarditis is more than 20%. Often, a significant number of animals that have recovered from the disease become carriers of the FMD virus. Currently, there is an inactivated triple vaccine against serotypes O, A, and Asia 1 to prevent the disease, but this vaccine has limitations such as the need for biosecurity level 3 for mass production of the virus antigen and provides only short-term immunity. .
sheep and goat pox
Capripoxviruses are the most important animal pox viruses that cause disease in sheep, goats or cattle. The Capripoxvirus genus of the smallpox virus family includes lampiskin, sheeppox, and goatpox viruses, which are highly host-specific.
Transmission of the disease occurs directly or indirectly through contact with contaminated equipment or secretions. Insects can also mechanically transmit the disease.
Smallpox disease is more severe in lambs and goats than in adults, and some of them may even die before the appearance of clinical symptoms. In general, the clinical symptoms of sheep and goat pox can be malignant or benign. Its malignant form, which occurs mostly in young animals, includes sudden death, fever of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius, dyspenia, and eye and nose discharges, and smallpox lesions that are observed in parts of the skin that do not have wool. The benign form of sheep and goat pox also only includes skin lesions that are often seen under the tail and mostly occur in adults. In this form, no general and systemic reaction occurs and usually the animal recovers within 3 to 4 weeks.
Sheep and especially goat pox has a great impact on the economy due to its moderate prevalence and 50-100% casualties. In addition, it reduces milk production by 30% and fertility rate by 32% per year. High mortality (95%) among lambs and goats, weight loss, increased abortion rate (3%), damage and loss of wool quality, and increased susceptibility to pneumonia and infestation of flies and myiasis. The losses are caused by these 2 diseases. Because these 2 diseases are caused by viruses, they do not have specific treatment, and the way to control and prevent disease in the herd is vaccination. If the disease enters the herd, it can be prevented from further spreading by quick diagnosis, removal of infected animals and banning the movement of animals.
