Getting to know the definitions and terminology of road construction

Free Definition of Way:

A freeway or an autobahn is a road with separate back and forth lanes that does not have any level intersections and entry and exit are limited. Free roads are often associated with the payment of tolls and are usually built outside the cities. In general, freeway is a road with asphalt or concrete pavement for the fast passage of motor vehicles, the passage of which is completely separate from each other and without intersections at the same level, entering and exiting it only at specific and limited points of the route. and its sides have mesh or concrete walls to prevent people and animals from entering.

Definition and Construction Terms:

Abro: Any structure, other than a bridge, that is built to drain water from under the road.

Protective asphalt: Spreading bitumen on sandy, asphalt and concrete dirt roads and spreading immediately. Aggregate on top of it (surfacing asphalt), or aggregate or sand overlays, or bitumen without aggregate, or asphalt slurry seal spreading, or microsurfacing, is called protective asphalt.

Road pavement substrate: finished surface. The road soil on which the materials of the pavement layers are placed.

Improvement and asphalt coating: repair and repair of all types of surface and structural damage of asphalt pavements, including: surface repairs, implementation of reinforcement coatings, Recycling or a combination of these operations is called improvement.

Pavement: Road pavement is a structure that is built on the last compacted layer of natural soil, embankments or the bottom of earthen cuttings or stone that is generally It is called the pavement bed, it is placed.

Cold asphalt: Cold asphalt is prepared by mixing stone materials or soluble bitumen, or water bitumen or tar at ambient temperature and is spread and condensed at the same temperature. .

Porous asphalt: Porous asphalt is prepared by mixing bitumen with open-grained broken aggregates in an asphalt factory.

Base: a layer of stone materials with technical specifications and A certain thickness that is placed on the prepared road bed or the sub-base layer, in order to bear the loads from the higher layers of the pavement, is called the base layer. and river sand or stones from mountain mines with certain technical specifications that are placed on the sub-base layer or pavement bed with the desired geometric dimensions.

Bituminous base: A mixture of stone and bitumen materials with technical specifications and a certain thickness, which is placed on the prepared road bed or sub-base layer, in order to bear the loads from the higher layers of the pavement, is called the bituminous base layer.

Permeable coating (prime coat): Spreading a layer of soluble bitumen with low or medium viscosity on the sandy surface of the road pavement bed or subbase or base is called permeating coating or primer.

Waterproof Coatings (Seal Coat): Implementation of protective asphalts on all kinds of existing asphalt or concrete surfaces, in order to seal, increase impermeability, correct surface damage, temporary improvement and increase life. The operations are called waterproof coating or seal coat.

Asphalt pavement recovery: Asphalt pavement recovery is the reuse of old asphalt that has already served its primary purpose. This action usually takes place after some interaction on old asphalt.

Asphalt concrete with open granulation: It is a mixture of bitumen and stone materials with open granulation, which is suitable for increasing the friction of wet pavement.

Asphalt concrete with dense granulation: It consists of a mixture of bitumen and stone materials with continuous granulation suitable for local conditions by reducing empty space and increasing resistance and longer life.

from the water or another path.

Technical building excavation: Technical building excavation is the excavation of foundations, walls, drains, by hand or with an excavator (or similar devices) according to The amount included in the executive plans and by the order of the monitoring body.

Drainage of surface water: It consists of the construction of streams, and open or closed aqueducts, surface piping, diversion and regulation and control of stream and river water flow. and the implementation of other supplementary works, according to the executive plans and the orders of the monitoring body. if any (which is made of concrete, metal or other materials and forms the face of reinforced soil. Scaffolding: It is a temporary structure that is erected to maintain formwork, work platforms and bear loads during execution. to be It includes piling, vertical foundations, horizontal plates, windbreaks, sub-series and the like.

Detour: a temporary way for traffic to pass when a part of the road is blocked.

p> Pavement: The road pavement is a structure that is placed on the last compacted layer of natural soil, embankments or the bottom of earthen cuttings or stone, which is generally called the pavement bed.

Drainage: Drainage consists of surface and underground piping, use of stone or gravel drains, diversion and adjustment and implementation of other additional works, according to executive plans and orders of the monitoring body.

Binder: The asphalt concrete binder is prepared with crushed stone from river or mountain materials, and its stone materials have a granularity of 0-25 mm and 0-19 mm. The binder is in one layer. According to the dimensions and thickness specified in the map, the road is spread on the prepared surfaces, of course, in cases where the thickness of the asphalt layer is large, according to the selected granulation, it may be implemented in one or more layers. In addition, the binder layer is based on The design of the road pavement is calculated and determined. Topeka: asphalt concrete is prepared from river materials or mountain rock materials, and its stone materials have a granularity of 0-19 mm and for covering The final layer of asphalt concrete is used, which is called the top, and the thickness of this layer is calculated and determined based on the design of the road pavement. It is a dog and attached materials with certain technical specifications and a calculated thickness, which is 0-50 mm, 0-38 mm and 0-25 mm on the bed, and at least 50% of the material remaining on sieve No. 4 must be broken. and its sand value is more than 35, this stratum must be capable of bearing the axial load as well as the drainage of the road. It is placed on the road pavement bed in order to bear the loads from the base layer. This layer usually forms the first layer of the pavement structure. And its thickness is also calculated and determined based on the road pavement design. Its materials have a grain size of 0-50 mm, 0-48 mm and 0-25 mm.

Redailing: It refers to a type of bitumen coating on the surface of sandy roads for the purpose of consolidation and stabilization. The sand surface of the road is used as an indicator dust. The sand roads that are bitumen in this way become a stable surface after a while, which is resistant to water penetration. The bitumen used is 70-mc. and 250-mc and 70-sc and 250-sc